David Bartlett, MD Howard Edington, MD Andrea Gambotto, MD Zong Sheng Guo, Ph.D. Steve Hughes, MD Pawel Kalinski, MD, PhD Donald Keenan, MD, PhD Yong Lee, Ph.D. Michael Lotze, MD James Moser, MD Jennifer Ogilvie, M.D. Hideho Okada, MD, PhD John Yim, MD Herbert Zeh, MD, PhD

Translational Research in the Division of Surgical Oncology is well-supported by numerous grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the National Cancer Institute, as well as by a number of investigator-initiated grants from private foundation and industry. The principal theme of the overall research involves defining the underlying immunobiology of cancer in order to design and implement more effective preventive, adjunctive and therapeutic clinical regimens. Significant efforts are invested in the development of vaccines that are capable of stimulating cellular anti-tumor immunity (Drs. Kalinski, Okada and Storkus). An additional major focus of research is the effective use of cytokines in biologic therapeutics (Drs. Bartlett, Gambotto, Kalinski, Okada and Storkus), implemented either as recombinant proteins applied systemically or via gene therapy applied locally. Further research has detailed mechanisms of immune-mediated killing of tumor cells and mechanisms by which tumors may evade immune clearance (Drs. Amoscato and Kalinski). In aggregate, these approaches should define important elements for combinational cancer therapies that we currently believe will prove most effective in the clinical setting.